NIOS Class 12th History English Medium Solve Assignment (TMA) 2021

1. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

archaeology is important for the same reason art, literature, philosophy, and history are important. Archaeology is important simply because many people like to know, to understand, and to reflect. The study of archaeology satisfies the basic human need to know where we came from, and possibly understand our own human nature. Some people even believe the study of archaeology allows for cultural self-refection that will provide for a better foundation for our collective future. 

Ans- prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate, prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late geological history, and generally continuing until that culture either develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or makes significant contact with another culture that has, and that makes some record of major historical events. At this point ancient art begins, for the older literate cultures. The end-date for what is covered by the term thus varies greatly between different parts of the world.

Ans- Between 750 AD and 1000 AD three empires dominated the political scene in India. These were the Palas who dominated eastern India till the middle of the 9th century; the Pratiharas who dominated the western part of India and the upper gangetic valley till the middle of the 10th century, and the Rashkrakuta empire, which dominated the deccan and also controlled the territory in north and south India at various times. They were involved in conflict among themselves, but provided stable conditions of life over large areas and gave patronage to arts and letters of the three, the rashtrakuta empire lasted the longest, it was also the most powerful empire of the three and acted as a bridge between north and south India in economic as well as cultural matters. 

Ans- The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent absorbed Bengal into the medieval Islamic and Persianate worlds. Between the 1204 and 1352 Bengal was a province of the Delhi Sultanate. This era saw the introduction of the taka as monetary currency, which has endured into the modern era. An independent Bengal Sultanate was formed in 1352 and ruled the region for two centuries, during which a distinct form of Islam based on Sufism and the Bengali language emerged and the region was known as a major trading nation in the world. The ruling elite also turned Bengal into the easternmost haven of Indo-Persian culture. The Sultans exerted influence in the Arakan region of Southeast Asia, where Buddhist kings copied the sultanate’s governance, currency and fashion. A relationship with Ming China flourished under the sultanate.

The Bengal Sultanate was notable for its Hindu aristocracy, including the rise of Raja Ganesha and his son Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah as usurpers. Hindus served in the royal administration as prime ministers and poets. Under the patronage of Sultans like Alauddin Hussain Shah, Bengali literature began replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region. Hindu principalities included the Koch Kingdom, Kingdom of Mallabhum, Kingdom of Bhurshut and Kingdom of Tripura; and the realm of powerful Hindu Rajas such as Pratapaditya and Raja Sitaram Ray.

Ans- The Indian nationalism developed in the course of freedom struggle was the culmination of India’s glorious past which has embraced all section of society into grand Indian identity Thus India’s civilisational strength and incessant acceptance has resulted in the cohesive and comprehensive national movement necessitated by the demand of context and constraints during the freedom struggle.

1) Inclusive: The patriotism during the course of freedom struggle lies in the inclusive identity of being Indian. This has facilitated the cooperation of all sections of society irrespective caste creed religion ete and manifested in the form of movement that penetrated across India.

2) Progressive nationalism: With the aim of not just liberating from colonial rule but also liberation from poverty unemployment and over all well being as a nation. This has given birth to democratic nationalism.

3) It was not directed against any individual or nation but emphasized on national salvation with the aim of progressive and advance India. This is inherently connected with Indian civilisation that emphasized on tolerance acceptance and the concept of debate dissent and disagree.

4) Presence of different ideologies such as communism socialism and capitalism which forged together to create great India. The differences were resolved through debate and deliberation where opposing views were accepted rather than despised by means of violence.

In the contemporary time, the model of European Model of Nationalism that emphasized on absolute obligation and the notion of identity nationalism has been discussed and debated. However it may be emphasized that indian nationalism is too broad and diverse that allows different kinds of nationalism to be experienced by different groups of people and thus would not be deterred.

Ans- China’s unprecedented rise to economic power was made possible through a unique combination of a communist government that had the ability to allocate resources and labor with incredible efficiency, and a “dual- economy allowing for privatization within special economic zones” This distinctive combination of communism and capitalism is largely believed to be made possible by China’s enduring top-down culture based on collectivism with a “country and family before self mentality, which many attribute to the teachings of Confucius (Confucianism). Together. These factors have created a set of powerful market dynamics that have made it possible for China to scale its economy at an unprecedented rate.

In 1985, Deng Xiaoping began changing the country’s direction with economie reforms that would quickly pave the way for the road to privatization within China. By the 1990s, the country had finally opened up its doors to direct foreign investment, and from that point forward China built its economic growth primarily on low-cost exports of machinery and equipment, while the government spent massive amounts of resources on state-owned companies to fuel those exports.

Ans-

The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China’s economy from the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day.

China has been the fastest growing economy in the world since the 1980s, with an average annual growth rate of 10% from 1978 to 2005. Based on government statistics Its GDP reached $USD 2.286 trillion in 2005. Since the end of the Maoist period in 1978, China has been transitioning from a state dominated planned socialist economy to a mixed economy. This transformation required a complex number of reforms in China’s fiscal, financial, enterprise, governance and legal systems and the ability for the government to be able to flexibly respond to the unintended consequences of these changes. This transformation has been accompanied by high levels of industrialization and urbanization, a process that has influenced every aspect of China’s society, culture and economy.

The large size of China means there are major regional variations in living standards that can vary from extreme poverty to relative prosperity, In much of rural China, peasants live off the land, while in major cities like Shanghai and Beijing a modern service-based economy is forming.

Since the PRC was founded in 1949, China has experienced a surprising and turbulent economic development process It has experienced revolution, socialism, Maoism, and finally the gradual economic reform and fast economic growth that has characterized the post-Maoist period. The period of the Great Leap Forward famine and the chaos of the

Cultural Revolution negatively impacted the economy. However, since the period of economic reform began in 1978, China has seen major improvements in average living standards and has experienced relative social stability. In that period, China has evolved from an isolated socialist state into a backbone of the world economy.

Ans- Originating in the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978 that integrated China into the global market economy, the socialist market economy represents a preliminary or primary stage of developing socialism. Despite this, many Western commentators have described the system as a form of state capitalism.